Microneedling Device - Radio Frequency (RF) Microneedling

Professional RF Microneedling Device

Controlled-Depth Skin Rejuvenation, Collagen Remodeling, and Tightening System

The Wikbeauty RF Microneedling Device is a professional skin-rejuvenation system combining controlled-depth microneedling with radiofrequency energy.

Adjustable microneedles penetrate the skin at depths from 0.5mm to 4.0mm while delivering controlled RF energy into the targeted tissue. This dual action supports the skin’s natural renewal response and stimulates collagen and elastin remodeling.

With four interchangeable cartridge options, adjustable RF intensity, intelligent touchscreen controls, and both facial and body applications, the system is designed for dermatology practices, medical spas, and advanced aesthetic clinics operating within local professional requirements.

Microneedling and RF | 0.5–4.0mm Adjustable Depth | Four Cartridge Options | CE and ISO Certificates | Three-Year Warranty

Three Professional Technologies on One Platform

Controlled-Depth Microneedling

The device creates controlled microchannels at carefully selected depths. This process supports the skin’s natural repair response and encourages collagen and elastin production.

Common applications include:

• 
  Fine-line and wrinkle treatments
  
• 
  Acne-scar improvement
  
• 
  Surgical-scar treatments
  
• 
  Stretch-mark improvement
  
• 
  Enlarged-pore care
  
• 
  Skin-texture refinement
  

Radiofrequency Dermal Heating

RF energy is delivered through the microneedles into the selected tissue depth. This controlled thermal action supports deeper collagen remodeling while limiting unnecessary surface exposure.

Common applications include:

• 
  Skin-tightening treatments
  
• 
  Collagen-remodeling programs
  
• 
  Firmness and elasticity support
  
• 
  Facial and neck rejuvenation
  
• 
  Texture improvement
  
• 
  Body skin-firming treatments
  

Interchangeable Cartridge Technology

Four cartridge configurations allow professionals to adapt treatments to delicate facial zones, complete facial areas, the neck and décolleté, or larger body regions.

Common applications include:

• 
  Precision under-eye treatments
  
• 
  Full-face rejuvenation
  
• 
  Face and neck protocols
  
• 
  Décolleté treatments
  
• 
  Abdominal stretch-mark care
  
• 
  Thigh and arm rejuvenation
  

Select the Right Program for Each Client

Anti-Aging and Skin-Tightening Program

A professional facial-rejuvenation protocol designed to address fine lines, wrinkles, reduced elasticity, and skin laxity.

Recommended applications: Face, jawline, neck, and décolleté.

Recommended for: Suitable clients seeking improved firmness, smoother-looking skin, and progressive collagen remodeling.

Scar and Texture-Refinement Program

A customized microneedling and RF protocol developed to improve the appearance of acne scars, selected surgical scars, and uneven texture.

Recommended applications: Face and compatible body areas containing fully healed scars.

Recommended for: Clients seeking gradual improvement in scar appearance, texture, and overall skin smoothness.

Stretch-Mark and Body-Rejuvenation Program

A larger-area protocol using the appropriate cartridge and needle depth for body skin concerns.

Recommended applications: Abdomen, thighs, and upper arms.

Recommended for: Clients seeking improvement in the appearance of stretch marks, uneven body texture, or reduced skin firmness.

Maintenance and Collagen-Support Program

A follow-up treatment designed to support previously achieved rejuvenation results and continued collagen stimulation.

Recommended applications: Previously treated facial or body areas.

Recommended for: Clients who have completed an initial treatment course and require periodic maintenance based on professional assessment.

Adjustable Needle Depth and RF Treatment Settings

SettingAvailable ConfigurationProfessional PurposeNeedle DepthAdjustable from 0.5mm to 4.0mmAdapts penetration to the skin concern, treatment area, and professional protocolRF IntensityAdjustable energy controlCustomizes thermal delivery according to skin condition and tolerance10-Pin CartridgePrecision cartridgeTreats small and delicate facial areas25-Pin CartridgeStandard facial cartridgeSupports complete facial rejuvenation36-Pin CartridgeExtended-coverage cartridgeTreats the face, neck, and décolleté efficiently49-Pin CartridgeLarge-area body cartridgeSupports stretch-mark and body-rejuvenation treatmentsTreatment TimeApproximately 20–40 minutesAllows sessions to be adapted to the treatment areaTreatment CourseApproximately 3–6 sessionsSupports progressive collagen remodelingSession IntervalApproximately 4–6 weeksAllows suitable skin-recovery time between treatmentsControl InterfaceIntelligent touchscreenProvides convenient depth, intensity, and program controlPower Supply110V/220V compatibilitySupports use in different international markets

Needle depth and RF intensity must be selected according to the client’s skin condition, treatment area, sensitivity, medical history, and applicable professional protocol. Deeper settings are not automatically better and should only be used when clinically appropriate.

Adjustable Treatment Areas

Facial Areas

The 10-pin and 25-pin cartridges support precision and full-face treatments across suitable facial zones.

Treatment objectives include:

• 
  Fine-line reduction
  
• 
  Wrinkle improvement
  
• 
  Acne-scar care
  
• 
  Enlarged-pore refinement
  
• 
  Skin-texture improvement
  
• 
  Firmness and elasticity support
  
• 
  More even-looking skin tone
  

Neck and Décolleté Areas

The 25-pin or 36-pin cartridge can support carefully controlled treatments across suitable neck and upper-chest areas.

Treatment objectives include:

• 
  Neck-line improvement
  
• 
  Skin-firming support
  
• 
  Décolleté rejuvenation
  
• 
  Texture refinement
  
• 
  Collagen stimulation
  
• 
  Improved elasticity
  

Body Areas

The 36-pin and 49-pin cartridges provide wider coverage for compatible body-treatment zones.

Treatment objectives include:

• 
  Stretch-mark improvement
  
• 
  Abdominal skin rejuvenation
  
• 
  Thigh-texture refinement
  
• 
  Upper-arm firming
  
• 
  Selected scar treatments
  
• 
  Smoother-looking body skin
  

Professional Treatment Applications

Treatment ApplicationPrimary AreaProfessional ObjectiveFine-Line TreatmentFace and eye contourImprove the appearance of superficial linesWrinkle ReductionFace and neckSupport collagen remodeling and smoother-looking skinAcne-Scar CareFaceImprove the appearance of fully healed acne scarsSurgical-Scar CareSuitable healed scarsSupport gradual texture remodelingSkin TighteningFace, neck, abdomen, and armsImprove the appearance of firmness and elasticityPore RefinementFaceReduce the visible appearance of enlarged poresTexture ImprovementFace and bodySupport smoother and more even-looking skinStretch-Mark CareAbdomen, thighs, and armsImprove the appearance of stretch marksDécolleté RejuvenationUpper chestAddress texture, lines, and reduced firmnessCollagen MaintenancePreviously treated areasSupport ongoing skin-renewal programs

How a Professional Session Works

Step 1: Client Consultation

Review the client’s skin concerns, medical history, medications, previous procedures, healing response, sun exposure, and possible contraindications.

Step 2: Skin Assessment

Evaluate skin type, treatment area, concern severity, sensitivity, and suitability. Select the appropriate cartridge, needle depth, RF intensity, and treatment pattern.

Step 3: Skin Preparation

Cleanse and disinfect the treatment area according to clinical protocol. Apply a suitable topical anesthetic when professionally indicated and permitted, then remove it completely before treatment.

Step 4: Controlled RF Microneedling Treatment

Install a new sterile cartridge, confirm the selected settings, and perform the treatment using consistent passes and controlled coverage. A typical session lasts approximately 20–40 minutes.

Step 5: Post-Treatment Care

Apply professionally appropriate post-treatment products and provide written aftercare instructions covering sun protection, cleansing, hydration, skincare restrictions, and expected temporary reactions.

Designed for Professional Treatment Environments

The Wikbeauty RF Microneedling Device combines adjustable depth, controlled RF intensity, four cartridge options, and intelligent operation for professional skin-rejuvenation services.

Key advantages include:

• 
  Combined microneedling and RF technology
  
• 
  Adjustable 0.5–4.0mm needle depth
  
• 
  Adjustable radiofrequency intensity
  
• 
  Four interchangeable cartridge configurations
  
• 
  Precision facial and larger body applications
  
• 
  Approximately 20–40-minute sessions
  
• 
  Structured 3–6-session treatment courses
  
• 
  Intelligent touchscreen operation
  
• 
  110V and 220V compatibility
  
• 
  Professional training and after-sales support
  
• 
  CE and ISO certificates
  
• 
  Three-year professional warranty
  

Technical Specifications

SpecificationDetailsProduct NameWikbeauty RF Microneedling DeviceTechnologyControlled-depth microneedling and radiofrequency energyNeedle-Depth RangeAdjustable from 0.5mm to 4.0mmRF EnergyAdjustable intensity controlCartridge Options10-pin, 25-pin, 36-pin, and 49-pin10-Pin ApplicationUnder-eye area, nose, mouth area, small scars, and precision treatments25-Pin ApplicationStandard full-face rejuvenation and wrinkle treatments36-Pin ApplicationFace, neck, décolleté, and extended treatment zones49-Pin ApplicationAbdomen, thighs, arms, stretch marks, and larger body areasTreatment AreasFace, neck, décolleté, abdomen, thighs, and armsPrimary FunctionsSkin rejuvenation, wrinkle reduction, scar care, stretch-mark improvement, skin tightening, pore refinement, and texture improvementSession DurationApproximately 20–40 minutesRecommended CourseApproximately 3–6 sessionsRecommended IntervalApproximately 4–6 weeksExpected DowntimeCommonly 1–2 days of temporary redness or swellingResults DurationSupplied estimate of approximately 12–18 months with suitable maintenanceDisplay and ControlsIntelligent touchscreen interfacePower Supply110V/220V dual compatibilityCertificatesCE and ISOWarrantyThree-year professional warrantyAfter-Sales ServiceProfessional training and technical support

Treatment response, downtime, improvement timeline, and result duration vary according to skin condition, age, treatment depth, RF intensity, treatment course, healing response, lifestyle, sun exposure, and aftercare compliance. Results should not be presented as guaranteed.

What Is Included?

Standard Equipment

• 
  1 × Wikbeauty RF Microneedling Device
  
• 
  Compatible professional treatment handpiece
  
• 
  Multiple interchangeable needle cartridges
  
• 
  10-pin cartridge configuration
  
• 
  25-pin cartridge configuration
  
• 
  36-pin cartridge configuration
  
• 
  49-pin cartridge configuration
  
• 
  1 × Compatible power cable
  
• 
  Standard operating accessories
  
• 
  1 × Warranty card
  

Documentation and Training

• 
  English user manual
  
• 
  Machine setup guide
  
• 
  Touchscreen operating instructions
  
• 
  Cartridge-selection guidance
  
• 
  Needle-depth guidance
  
• 
  RF-setting guidance
  
• 
  Treatment-protocol information
  
• 
  Contraindication and safety instructions
  
• 
  Cleaning and maintenance guidance
  
• 
  Professional operator training
  

Professional Training and Ongoing Support

Wikbeauty provides professional operating guidance to help qualified users understand the machine’s setup, treatment settings, cartridge selection, and maintenance requirements.

Training and support cover:

• 
  Machine installation and initial setup
  
• 
  Intelligent touchscreen operation
  
• 
  Treatment-handpiece preparation
  
• 
  Sterile cartridge installation
  
• 
  Cartridge selection by treatment area
  
• 
  Needle-depth adjustment
  
• 
  RF-intensity selection
  
• 
  Treatment-pattern guidance
  
• 
  Client consultation and skin assessment
  
• 
  Contraindication screening
  
• 
  Infection-control procedures
  
• 
  Post-treatment care
  
• 
  Cleaning and routine maintenance
  
• 
  Troubleshooting assistance
  

Training supplied with the machine does not replace any professional license, medical supervision, infection-control qualification, or legal authorization required in the operator’s location.

Three-Year Warranty

The Wikbeauty RF Microneedling Device includes a three-year professional warranty and after-sales technical support.

Warranty Coverage

The warranty provides support for eligible machine components and manufacturing-related faults arising under normal professional operating conditions. Technical assessment may be required before repair guidance or replacement parts are supplied.

Warranty support includes:

• 
  Remote technical diagnosis
  
• 
  Operating and troubleshooting assistance
  
• 
  Support for eligible replacement parts
  
• 
  Repair instructions
  
• 
  Maintenance recommendations
  
• 
  After-sales communication during the warranty period
  

Technical Support Process

1. 
   Contact Wikbeauty with the machine model and order information.
   
2. 
   Provide a detailed description of the technical problem.
   
3. 
   Submit clear photographs or a short video when requested.
   
4. 
   Allow the technical team to diagnose the issue.
   
5. 
   Follow the supplied troubleshooting or repair instructions.
   
6. 
   Receive eligible replacement-part support when required.
   

Warranty Exclusions

The warranty does not cover damage caused by:

• 
  Incorrect operation or treatment setup
  
• 
  Unauthorized modification or repair
  
• 
  Accidental impact or physical damage
  
• 
  Improper voltage or electrical installation
  
• 
  Liquid damage or unsuitable storage
  
• 
  Failure to follow cleaning and maintenance instructions
  
• 
  Use of incompatible cartridges or accessories
  
• 
  Normal wear of handpieces, cables, and consumable components
  
• 
  Used or disposable needle cartridges
  
• 
  Shipping or relocation damage occurring after delivery
  

Safety and Contraindications

RF microneedling is a professional procedure requiring appropriate training, infection-control practices, and compliance with local licensing or medical-supervision requirements.

Treatment may be unsuitable for clients with:

• 
  Active skin infection
  
• 
  Herpes outbreak
  
• 
  Open wounds or sores
  
• 
  Active inflammation in the treatment area
  
• 
  Recent sunburn or excessive sun exposure
  
• 
  Pregnancy or breastfeeding
  
• 
  Pacemakers or implanted electronic devices
  
• 
  Severe keloid-scarring tendency
  
• 
  Blood-clotting or bleeding disorders
  
• 
  Current anticoagulant treatment without medical clearance
  
• 
  Autoimmune conditions affecting healing
  
• 
  Uncontrolled diabetes
  
• 
  Active cancer or ongoing cancer treatment
  
• 
  Recent isotretinoin use
  
• 
  Reduced skin sensation
  
• 
  Poor wound-healing history
  
• 
  Recent injectable or surgical treatment in the area
  
• 
  Any condition requiring professional medical clearance
  

A waiting period of approximately 6–12 months after isotretinoin use may be appropriate, but the client must follow the advice of their prescribing healthcare professional.

Operating Precautions

• 
  Complete a detailed consultation and skin assessment.
  
• 
  Confirm the operator is legally permitted to perform RF microneedling.
  
• 
  Obtain informed consent before treatment.
  
• 
  Document the client’s medical history and current medications.
  
• 
  Examine the skin for infection, wounds, irritation, and recent sun exposure.
  
• 
  Use a new, sterile, single-use needle cartridge for every client and session.
  
• 
  Never reuse disposable needle cartridges.
  
• 
  Clean and disinfect the handpiece and treatment environment properly.
  
• 
  Select needle depth according to the treatment area and concern.
  
• 
  Adjust RF intensity according to skin response and tolerance.
  
• 
  Do not assume that deeper penetration produces better results.
  
• 
  Monitor the skin continuously during treatment.
  
• 
  Stop treatment if an unexpected reaction occurs.
  
• 
  Avoid overlapping passes beyond the professional protocol.
  
• 
  Follow appropriate sharps-disposal procedures.
  
• 
  Provide complete written aftercare guidance.
  
• 
  Maintain accurate treatment records.
  
• 
  Follow all local infection-control and clinical-waste requirements.
  

Intended Professional Users

The Wikbeauty RF Microneedling Device is intended for appropriately qualified users, which may include:

• 
  Dermatology practices
  
• 
  Medical spas
  
• 
  Aesthetic medical clinics
  
• 
  Licensed healthcare professionals
  
• 
  Physicians
  
• 
  Qualified nurses or nurse practitioners
  
• 
  Properly trained aesthetic practitioners under required supervision
  
• 
  Advanced beauty clinics where legally permitted
  

Licensing, supervision, insurance, and scope-of-practice requirements vary by location. Buyers and operators are responsible for confirming all applicable local requirements before providing treatments.

Why Choose the Wikbeauty RF Microneedling Device?

1. Combined Microneedling and RF Technology

The system combines controlled micro-injury with targeted RF energy to support both surface renewal and deeper collagen remodeling.

2. Adjustable 0.5–4.0mm Needle Depth

Variable penetration enables qualified professionals to adapt treatments to different skin concerns, areas, and protocols.

3. Four Specialized Cartridge Options

The 10-pin, 25-pin, 36-pin, and 49-pin configurations support precision facial work, full-face rejuvenation, extended areas, and body treatments.

4. Facial and Body Treatment Capability

One platform supports treatments for the face, neck, décolleté, abdomen, thighs, and upper arms.

5. Certified Quality and Professional Support

The device includes CE and ISO certificates, professional operating guidance, technical support, and a three-year warranty.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: How does RF microneedling work?

The device inserts microneedles at a controlled depth while delivering RF energy into the targeted tissue. Microneedling supports the skin’s natural repair response, while RF heating promotes deeper collagen and elastin remodeling.

Q: How is RF microneedling different from standard microneedling?

Standard microneedling creates controlled microchannels. RF microneedling adds thermal energy at the selected tissue depth, providing an additional collagen-remodeling and skin-firming action.

Q: What needle depths are available?

The needle depth is adjustable from approximately 0.5mm to 4.0mm.

Q: Is the same needle depth used for every treatment?

No. Depth must be selected according to the treatment area, skin thickness, concern, client sensitivity, and professional protocol.

Q: Which cartridges are included?

The system includes 10-pin, 25-pin, 36-pin, and 49-pin cartridge options.

Q: What is the 10-pin cartridge used for?

The 10-pin cartridge supports precise treatment of small or delicate areas, including selected under-eye, nose, mouth, and small-scar applications.

Q: What is the 25-pin cartridge used for?

The 25-pin cartridge is designed for standard full-face rejuvenation, wrinkle care, skin tightening, and general texture improvement.

Q: What is the 36-pin cartridge used for?

The 36-pin cartridge provides wider coverage for the face, neck, décolleté, and other extended treatment zones.

Q: What is the 49-pin cartridge used for?

The 49-pin cartridge supports larger body areas such as the abdomen, thighs, and upper arms, including stretch-mark treatments.

Q: Which skin concerns can the machine address?

Professional applications include fine lines, wrinkles, acne scars, selected surgical scars, stretch marks, enlarged pores, reduced firmness, and uneven texture.

Q: Which areas can be treated?

Compatible areas include the face, neck, décolleté, abdomen, thighs, and upper arms.

Q: How long does a session take?

A typical professional session lasts approximately 20–40 minutes, excluding consultation, cleansing, and topical-anesthetic time.

Q: Is topical anesthetic required?

A topical anesthetic may be used when professionally appropriate and legally permitted. The operator must follow the product instructions and local requirements.

Q: Is the treatment painful?

Client experience varies. With suitable preparation and correctly selected settings, most clients describe temporary pressure, warmth, or prickling rather than severe pain.

Q: How many sessions are recommended?

A typical starting course includes approximately 3–6 sessions.

Q: How far apart should treatments be scheduled?

Sessions are commonly spaced approximately 4–6 weeks apart to allow the skin to recover and remodel.

Q: Is there downtime?

Temporary redness, sensitivity, or mild swelling may last approximately 1–2 days. Recovery varies according to the treatment depth, RF intensity, area, and individual response.

Q: When can clients expect visible changes?

Some clients notice early texture improvements after initial sessions. Collagen remodeling develops gradually, with more visible changes commonly appearing over several weeks.

Q: How long can results last?

The supplied estimate is approximately 12–18 months with suitable skincare and maintenance. Individual result duration varies.

Q: Is RF microneedling suitable for every skin tone?

Adjustable settings may allow trained professionals to treat a broad range of skin tones. However, suitability and settings must be determined through an individual assessment.

Q: Can active acne be treated?

Treatment should not be performed over active infection, open lesions, or significant inflammation. The client should be assessed by an appropriately qualified professional.

Q: Can the device be used on scars?

It can support treatments for fully healed acne scars and selected surgical scars. Active wounds and incompletely healed tissue must not be treated.

Q: Are cartridges reusable?

Needle cartridges should be sterile and single-use. A new cartridge must be used for every client and every treatment session.

Q: What aftercare is recommended?

Clients should follow the professional aftercare plan, use broad-spectrum SPF 30 or higher, avoid harsh skincare for approximately 3–5 days, and avoid swimming, saunas, and excessive heat for at least 48 hours.

Q: Who can operate the device?

The operator must have the qualifications, training, licensing, supervision, and insurance required in the location where treatments are provided.

Q: Does training come with the machine?

Yes. Professional machine-operation and treatment guidance are included. This training does not replace legally required clinical qualifications or licenses.

Q: What certificates are included?

The device is supplied with CE and ISO certificates.

Q: What warranty is provided?

The machine includes a three-year professional warranty with after-sales technical support.

Add Professional RF Microneedling to Your Clinic

The Wikbeauty RF Microneedling Device provides qualified clinics and aesthetic professionals with an adjustable platform for skin rejuvenation, collagen remodeling, wrinkle care, scar improvement, stretch-mark treatments, and skin tightening.

Five key benefits:

1. 
   Combined microneedling and radiofrequency technology
   
2. 
   Adjustable needle depth from 0.5mm to 4.0mm
   
3. 
   Four interchangeable cartridge configurations
   
4. 
   Facial, neck, décolleté, and body applications
   
5. 
   CE and ISO certificates with a three-year warranty
   

Contact Wikbeauty for product pricing, ordering information, professional training details, and technical support.

The RF Microneedling Device combines adjustable treatment depth, RF energy control, multiple cartridge configurations, and intelligent operation in one professional platform.

Key features include:

• 
  Microneedling + RF dual technology
  
• 
  Adjustable needle depth from 0.5–4.0 mm
  
• 
  Adjustable RF intensity
  
• 
  4 interchangeable cartridge options
  
• 
  10-pin precision cartridge
  
• 
  25-pin full-face cartridge
  
• 
  36-pin extended-coverage cartridge
  
• 
  49-pin body-treatment cartridge
  
• 
  Intelligent touchscreen control
  
• 
  Fine-line and wrinkle programs
  
• 
  Skin-tightening treatments
  
• 
  Acne-scar appearance protocols
  
• 
  Selected surgical-scar treatments
  
• 
  Stretch-mark programs
  
• 
  Enlarged-pore refinement
  
• 
  Texture-improvement treatments
  
• 
  Face and eye-contour applications
  
• 
  Neck and décolleté treatments
  
• 
  Abdomen, thigh, and upper-arm applications
  
• 
  Approximately 20–40-minute treatment sessions
  
• 
  110V / 220V compatibility

Product Name: Wikbeauty RF Microneedling Device

Technology: Controlled-Depth Microneedling + Radiofrequency Energy

Needle-Depth Range: 0.5–4.0 mm Adjustable

RF Energy: Adjustable Intensity Control

Cartridge Options: 10-Pin, 25-Pin, 36-Pin, 49-Pin

10-Pin Application: Under-Eye Area, Nose, Mouth Area, Small Scars, Precision Treatments

25-Pin Application: Standard Full-Face Rejuvenation and Wrinkle Treatments

36-Pin Application: Face, Neck, Décolleté, Extended Treatment Areas

49-Pin Application: Abdomen, Thighs, Arms, Stretch Marks, Larger Body Areas

Treatment Areas: Face, Neck, Décolleté, Abdomen, Thighs, Arms

Session Duration: Approximately 20–40 Minutes

Recommended Course: Approximately 3–6 Sessions

Recommended Interval: Approximately 4–6 Weeks

Expected Downtime: Commonly 1–2 Days of Temporary Redness or Swelling

Display and Controls: Intelligent Touchscreen

Power Supply: 110V / 220V

The standard package includes:

• 
  1 × Wikbeauty RF Microneedling Device
  
• 
  1 × Compatible Professional Treatment Handpiece
  
• 
  Multiple Interchangeable Needle Cartridges
  
• 
  10-Pin Cartridge Configuration
  
• 
  25-Pin Cartridge Configuration
  
• 
  36-Pin Cartridge Configuration
  
• 
  49-Pin Cartridge Configuration
  
• 
  1 × Compatible Power Cable
  
• 
  Standard Operating Accessories
  
• 
  1 × Warranty Card
  
• 
  1 × English User Manual

Need multiple Wikbeauty RF Microneedling Devices for your medical spa, dermatology practice, aesthetic clinic, professional beauty center, or distribution business?

Wikbeauty offers volume purchasing options for larger orders.

You can visit our dedicated Volume Discount page or contact us directly for current bulk-order pricing and purchasing support.

For bulk orders, confirm the required quantity, voltage, plug type, cartridge configuration, package contents, and final commercial terms before payment.